February 19, 2021
bulk ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixture must be placed directly against the outside doors of any IME 22 containers or compartments or directly on top of any IME 22 containers or compartments. (3) The Division 1.4B and 1.4S non-electric detonator assemblies and explosive articles must be packaged according to § 173.63(f) or (g) and placed in a
The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBING. On April 19, 1995, at 9:02 a.m. a forty-eight-hundred-pound ammonium nitrate–fuel oil bomb exploded in a Ryder truck parked at the north entrance of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in downtown Oklahoma City, killing 168 people and injuring approximately 850. The governor's office reported that thirty …
Explosive
As synthetic ammonia became less expensive because of improvements in manufacture and a raw material change from coal to natural gas, the explosives industry concentrated its efforts on substituting ammonium nitrate for nitroglycerin. Two important products were (1) low-density ammonia dynamites and (2) semigelatins. Prior to their development ...
Ammonium nitrate: making it safer today for a better …
Ammonium nitrate (AN) is a widely used chemical compound with several important applications. As a fertilizer, it helps feed billions. It is also the main component in many types of mining explosives, where it is mixed with fuel oil and detonated by an explosive charge. Increased global agriculture activities, combined with the rising …
Solved The enthalpy change for the explosion of ammonium
The enthalpy change for the explosion of ammonium nitrate with fuel oil is -7198 kj for every 3 moles of NH_4NO_3. What is the enthalpy change for 1 mole of NH_4NO_3 in this reaction? Not the question you're looking for? Post …
The mechanism of the spontaneous detonation of ammonium nitrate …
The mechanism of the decomposition of ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) and of ammonium nitrate (AN) emulsions has been investigated. The formation of NO gas bubbles at the end of an induction period was observed, which led to the evolution of brown NO 2 gas on contact with air. Inhibition of the decomposition reaction could be achieved …
CN103242115B
Ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixture is the one of ammoniumnitrate explosives.Because it has abundant raw material, processes the outstanding advantages such as simple, with low cost, use safety, obtain popularity soon, in bulk blasting, instead of Nabit and tnt explosive.Along with the application of ammonium nitrate, the exploitation of effective …
Ammonium nitrate: What firefighters must know
What is ammonium nitrate? Ammonium nitrate is a chemical compound whose chemical formula is NH 4 NO 3 (CAS#: ). At room temperature and standard pressure, it is a white crystalline solid.
ANFO: The Tool of Destruction
ANFO is an acronym for the most popular blasting agents in use today. It stands for ammonium nitrate, fuel oil; and it is a simple mixture of the two. Ammonium nitrate is an oxidizing agent that ...
Ammonium Nitrate
Fires involving ammonium nitrate can release toxic nitrogen oxides and ammonia gas. When ammonium nitrate melts it can also evolve yellow or brown colored toxic fumes (M.P. = 169.7 °C). Some types of ammonium nitrate fertilizers will continue to evolve toxic fumes in a self-sustaining thermal decomposition reaction even when the initial heat ...
Report | CAMEO Chemicals | NOAA
Ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixture is commercially available as pale white, gray, yellow, or pink oil-covered prills with a petroleum odor. Non-commercially produced forms may be darker in color. It is used for blasting rock and in some types of mining. It will accelerate the burning of combustible materials. The ammonium nitrate is soluble in ...
Thermal Signature Measurements for Ammonium Nitrate/Fuel …
Ammonium nitrate/nitromethane (ANNM) mixture and its individual constituents, as well as ammonium nitrate/No. 2 diesel fuel oil (ANDF) were also investigated under a variety of operating conditions (i.e., fuel aging) and preparation protocols [20, 25]. This investigation further expands the analysis of ANF to identifying …
Safety assessment of Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) …
Williams Pipe Line Co. developed an economically feasible method for transporting batches of immiscible No. 2 fuel oil and UAN fertilizer solution (ammonium nitrate, 45%; urea, 35%; and water, 20% ...
What Is Ammonium Nitrate, the Chemical That Exploded …
Basic Chemistry. Editor's Note (8/4/21): On August 4, 2020, the Lebanese capital Beirut experienced a massive explosion caused by more than 2,700 tonnes of ammonium nitrate improperly stored ...
Explosives
Ammonium nitrate-fuel oil (ANFO) blasting agents represent the largest industrial explosive manufactured (in terms of quantity) in the United States. This product is used primarily in...
AMMONIUM NITRATE-FUEL OIL MIXTURE | CAMEO …
Ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixture is commercially available as pale white, gray, yellow, or pink oil-covered prills with a petroleum odor. Non-commercially produced forms may be …
13.3 Explosives Detonation
For ammonium nitrate and fuel oil (ANFO) mixtures, a fuel oil content of more than 5.5 percent creates a deficiency of oxygen. There are hundreds of different explosives, with no universally accepted system for classifying them. The classification used in Table 13.3-1 is based on the chemical composition of the explosives,
Ammonium Nitrate
First, ammonium nitrate solution is prepared by reacting preheated ammonia with nitric acid in a neutralizer. The heat of reaction is utilized for evaporation and 80–83% ammonium nitrate solution is obtained. This concentrated solution is further concentrated to obtain 92–94% solution in a vacuum concentrator.
(PDF) Improving ANFO: Effect of Additives and Ammonium Nitrate
Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) is preferred mining explosives in worldwide. It is composed of ammonium nitrate (94-96%) and liquid hydrocarbon as fuel oil (4-6%), which is detonated through an ...
Firefighters and Ammonium Nitrate
The ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixture involved in the Kansas City explosion that killed six firefighters was on fire and, as a result, produced a detonation that might have been caused by the ...
Ammonium Nitrate | Formula, Reactions & Uses
One such type of explosive is ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO), which only requires 6% fuel oil to ignite. It is typically used in mining, quarrying, and construction. This type of explosive is ...
Ammonium Nitrate/Fuel Oil Explosives
ammonium nitrate was transported from a 70-ton railroad hopper car to a mixer truck which delivered it to the test site. At the site, the ammonium nitrate was mixed with the fuel oil and the mixture was poured into 50-pound bags. The charge consisted of 800 bags, of which 650 were placed in a layered ar-rangement and the contents of 150 were ...
physical chemistry
To use as an explosive or a blasting reagent, $ce{NH4NO3}$ is mixed with fuel oil, which is called ammonium nitrate fuel-oil (ANFO; Ref.1). According to Ref.2, during the explosion, following exothermic reaction would take place (hydrocarbon is represented by $ce{CH2}$):
Towards "Green" ANFO: Study of Perchlorates and Inorganic …
Abstract. Ammonium nitrate–fuel oil (ANFO) explosives are inexpensive and readily produced, but are highly prone to misfires, with the remaining explosive being a significant risk and environmental contaminant. In this work, studies on various additives, such as selected perchlorates and inorganic peroxides, which are intended to lower the ...
Toxic Fumes From Explosives: Ammonium Nitrate-Fuel …
R. F. Chaiken, 1 E. B. Cook,2 and T. C. Ruhe3. ABSTRACT. The Bureau of Mines has carried out experimental and theoretical studies with prilled and pulverized ammonium nitrate-fuel oil (AN-FO) mixtures contain ing varying amounts of fuel oil in an attempt to quantify the effects of stoi chiometric composition, nonideal detonation behavior, and ...
October 08, 2020
Ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixture containing only prilled ammonium nitrate and fuel oil. 1.5D NA0331 II Ammonium nitrate, with not more than 0.2 percent total combustible material, including any organic substance, calculated as carbon to the exclusion of any other added substance. 5.1 UN1942 III Explosive, blasting, type B or
ANFO: The Tool of Destruction
ANFO is an acronym for the most popular blasting agents in use today. It stands for ammonium nitrate, fuel oil; and it is a simple mixture of the two. Ammonium …
(PDF) Improving ANFO: Effect of Additives and …
Ammonium nitrate–fuel oil (ANFO) is one of the most widely used explosives for civilian purposes. Its main advantages are its low price and simple method of production. The main...
The dependence of Ammonium-Nitrate Fuel-Oil (ANFO) …
The ANFO was prepared with identical ingredients, formulation and methodology to prior work [6], [7] in a mass ratio of 94% HE-grade ammonium nitrate to 6% diesel fuel oil. Each copper cylinder was boosted with a 25.4-mm thick disc of PETN-based sheet explosive, which had identical outer diameter (OD) to each cylinder's inner …
Improving ANFO: Effect of Additives and Ammonium …
Ammonium nitrate-fuel oil (ANFO) is one of the most widely used explosives for civilian purposes. Its main advantages are its low price and simple method of …
